Sorry if this is a silly question - I was never a Mac user, but I quick googled Mac Studio and it seems it's just the computer. Can I plug it to any monitor / use any keyboard and mouse, or do I need to use everything from Apple with it?
You can, but with some caveats. Not all screen resolutions work well with MacOS, though using BetterDisplay it will still usually work. If you want touch id, it's better to get the Magic Keyboard with touch id.
Any monitor and keyboard will work, however Apple keyboards have a couple extra keys not present on Windows keyboards so require some key remapping to allow access to all typical shortcut key combinations.